![]() Stereolithography is a 3D-printing technique that uses photopolymerization to bind substrate that has been laid layer upon layer, creating a polymeric network. It is therefore a type of programmable matter, wherein after the fabrication process, the printed product reacts with parameters within the environment (humidity, temperature, voltage, etc.) and changes its form accordingly. However, in 4D printing, the resulting 3D shape is able to morph into different forms in response to environmental stimulus, with the 4th dimension being the time-dependent shape change after the printing. In the future, this emerging technology will become more beneficial and help to create endless possibilities in the medical field.4-dimensional printing ( 4D printing also known as 4D bioprinting, active origami, or shape-morphing systems) uses the same techniques of 3D printing through computer-programmed deposition of material in successive layers to create a three-dimensional object. It creates a development of biomedical splint, stents, bioprinting and orthodontics devices as per human growth. 4D printing technology drives a significant transformation in the healthcare sector like organ printing, tissue engineering and self-assembling human scale biomaterials. It replaces conventional scaffold fabrication methods, and the primary purpose of this technology is to fabricate implant with unique geometrical characteristics and feature with the higher flexibility to change the shape of the model. It provided extensive support in the medical field with better accuracy the manufacturing of customised smart implants, tools and devices. Research is growing on this disruptive technology. ![]() In medical, every model is customised and vary from patient to patient which sourced from an individual patient can be printed easily in less time which has extensive benefit to humanity. It is a superior technique concerning with quality, efficiency and performance. In upcoming years, 4D printing technology will create a disruptive effect in medical, engineering and other fields. This technology could also become the best solution for smart building and bridges which can be changed shape as per weather condition. Pipes could have the possibility to automatically heal when there is any break or crack. In the plumbing system, these products can change the diameter of pipes as per flow rate and water demand. Objects printed by this technology could be helpful in engineering, automobile parts which are large and adjusted as per required environment condition and required power. In future 4D printing technology will provide an essential improvement in medical, engineering and various other associated fields by the advancement of smart material. Due to its higher flexibility in the manufacturing of medical models, the surgeon can produce smart anatomies of the individual patient any time which was not previously possible. Through the use of a smart multi print model, it provides information about blood loss, blood clot chest wound infection, and breathing difficulty. It will become a ubiquitous and essential technology for the surgeon to fabricate smart, customised implantable medical devices that give efficient output. In the future, 4D printing applications will increase in the medical field to fulfil the innovative requirements. It is used for quite complicated surgery with a high success rate and save the life of the patient. 4D printing easily prints different smart medical tools and devices and has great possibilities to print skin graft like original colour. It solves the breathing problem for babies with precise fit and perfect genetic match model of heart, kidney and liver with the higher flexibility of the printed material. 4D printing has explored its application for customising smart multi-material printing in medical to clearly show multi parts of the body in 3D printed model. It has exciting possibilities for tissue engineering and smart implants. This technology can help save the lives of the patient and provide a better solution to severe organ shortages. It has excellent capability to manufacture stents and organs which can change the shape concerning time as per requirement. The implant can change shape according to time or as per the growth of the human body. Data of patient is captured through CT, MRI and other scanning technologies and printed by 4D printing technology using the layer by layer technique. 4D printing is the extension of 3D printing which is an innovative technique to manufacture smart medical implants and devices as per the patient's growth, by using a smart material.
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